TDS on overseas Salary - Eli Lilly & Company case law

Multinationals depute their employees into India to exclusively provide service (work) for the Indian enterprise. These employees (foreign nationals) so deputed to India will be paid part of the salary in India (INR) and partly in their home country (Foreign currency). The salary which is paid in India is usually paid by the Indian enterprise in Indian Rupees and TDS is deducted on the same. The foreign portion of the salary is paid by the parent company in foreign currency directly to the foreign employee. As the foreign employee deputed in India does service exclusively for India and by virtue of his employment spends most of his time in India and thereby reaching the status of “Resident and Ordinarily resident” he pays advance tax on the portion of the salary earned by him in the foreign country.

Now, in a landmark judgement the supreme court in Commissioner of Income-tax, New Delhi vs. M/s Eli Lilly & Company (India) Pvt. Ltd [Civil Appeal No. 5114 / 2007 – Supreme Court] has held that, the salary paid by the foreign company is for services to be rendered in India and no work was performed for the foreign company. Therefore the Indian company is liable to deduct tax at source on the overseas income.

This judgement in short, requires the Indian company to deduct tax at source and pay monthly (as done for the Indian salary portion) on foreign incomes of employees deputed in India for performing services to the Indian company.

Effective Service Tax Rates in India

Effective Service tax rates (including surcharge) in India are as follows.


Effective ST Rates Effective Dates

5% - 16.08.2002 to 13.05.2003
10% - 14.05.2003 to 09.09.2004
10.20% - 10.09.2004 to 17.04.2006
12.24% - 18.04.2006 to 10.05.2007
12.36% - 11.05.2007 to 23.02.2009
10.30% - 24.02.2009 onwards

AS11 Amendment and implications on Corporates and Accounting

Ministry of Corporate Affairs (Central Government) under recommendation of National Advisory Committee on Accounting Standards (NACAS) amended AS11 as per powers vested on it in Section 642(1) & Section 211(3c) of the companies Act, 1956, on 31st March, 2009. The crux of the amendment is as follows, if a foreign currency monetary item (borrowing) is long term (ie) more than 12 months.

1) for Accounting period commencing from 7.12.2006 and ending with 31.03.2011 at the option of the enterprise, the enterprise can account for "Unreal" exchange gain or loss of the foreign currency monetary item at the balance sheet date (statement of financial position) in the manner set out in below

a) if the foreign currency monetary item is acquired for purchase of a depreciable capital asset then the "unreal" loss or gain accrued due to flucuation in forex rates will be capitalised along with the depreciable capital asset. The amount so capitalised should be amortised over the life time of the asset or before 31st March 2011, whichever is earlier

b) if the foreign currency monetary item is acquired for any other purpose like "Working Capital" etc then the "unreal" loss or gain accrued due to fluctuation in forex rates will be accumulated in a specific account named "Foreign Currency Monetary item Translation Difference Account" The amount so accumulated should be amortised over the life time of the foreign currency monetary item or before 31st March 2011, whichever is earlier.


This is a retrospective amendment from 7.12.2006, hence all “unreal exchange losses” booked on foreign currency monetary items prior to 7.12.206 should be treated as per clause (a) and (b) above. Changes in prior period profits due to this should be adjusted in the current year in the retained earnings. These changes should be amortised over the life time of the foreign currency monetary item or before 31st March 20011.

Impact for Enterprises
Enterprises through this amendment are being insulated from the sharp depreciation of the Rupee, which was at levels of 40.55 in June 2007, 42.8 in June 2008 and currently at levels of 48.20 against the US Dollar, this is a sharp drop of 19% since 2007 and 13% since 2008. This depreciation of Rupee was pushing up the cost of foreign currency monetary item (as repayments are more in Indian Rupee terms) impacting profitablity of the enterprises significantly. Through this amendment the Government intends to spread the impact of currency depreciation over a number of years rather than taking a hit or profit in a single year and thereby enabling enterprises to show better profit and earnings per share.
As per this amendment, impact of currency flucutions will be removed from the profit and loss account and hit directly in the networth of the company for the period prior to the current accounting year (from 17.12.2006 till 31.12.2008), and for the current year (2008-09 onwards) the impact will be spread over till 2011 and thereby improving profitability and earnings per share (stimulus to the stock market?).

For example if for the year 2006-07 unreal currency loss accounted in the books was Rs.1 crore and for the year 2007-08 it was Rs.2 crores, and for the year 2008-09 it was estimated to be Rs.1.5 crores, the accounting entry will be as follows (if the foreign currency monetary item is towards other than purchase of capital asset).

Dr. Foreign Currency Monetary item Translation Difference Account - Rs.3crores
Cr. Retained Earnings -Rs.3crores
(Being the currency loss for the prior periods of 2006-07 & 2007-08 adjusted in retained earnings)

Dr. Foreign Currency Monetary item Translation Difference Account -Rs.1.5crores
Cr. Exchange Loss -Rs.1.5crores
(Being the currency loss for the current period transferred to translation difference account as per amendment to AS11)

If in the above example if the foreign currency monetary item is towards purchase of a capital asset then the entry would be :

Dr. Fixed Assets - Rs.3crores
Cr. Retained Earnings - Rs.3crores
(Being the currency loss for the prior periods of 2006-07 & 2007-08 capitalised and adjusted in retained earnings)

Dr. Fixed Assets - Rs.1.5crores
Cr. Exchange Loss - Rs.1.5crores
(Being the currency loss for the current period transferred & capitalized to fixed assets as per amendment to AS11)

Disclosure in financial statements


ASB of ICAI has issued guidelines for disclosure of the amendments to AS11. ASB recommends that the “Foreign currency monetary item translation difference account” should be shown as a line item in the balance sheet (treatment similar to deferred tax). In case of debit balance should be shown under “investments” and if credit balance should be shown after the item “unsecured loans” as a separate line item.

Gross Margin - The warning message - Part II

Gross Margin analysis becomes vital for every organisation as it helps us to track activities across various spectrum of the organisation. Movement / Changes in Gross Margin occur mainly due to :

1. Change in Raw Material / Packing Material purchase price
2. Change in rates of Sub-contractors who helps company to sub-contract certain manufacturing process
3. Change in manufacturing costs - direct overheads
4. Change in Selling price
5. Change in product mix when compared to previous period
6. Change in customer mix when compared to previous period
7. Change in logistics costs for both inward rawmaterials and outward finished goods
8. Abnormal activities in purchasing like "Air-Freight", "One off purchase at high cost", "purchase of alternative material at high cost due to non-availability"
9. Abnormal activities in manufacturing like "Higher operation costs due to power cuts", "lower yield duirng the month"
10. Abnormal activities in sales like "one-off quantity discount to a customer", "offer price to a large volume customer", "non moving sales"
11. Abnormal cases where management takes a strategic decision on either a particular raw material or production process or particular customer at a different price structure

In Short, Gross Margin analysis runs through the entire length and breath of the organisation, it tracks movements in purchasing, sub-contracting, manufacturing, logistical points, sales point & management decisions. If an accountant tracks the gross margin movement of products he will have on his palm top data on all the activities of the organisation, with which reports can be generated so that decisions can be taken on them.
Gross margin analysis is the fulcrum which helps an accountant to provide management with vital details about profitability and hence is a very important and indispensible tool.

Gross Margin - the warning message

Gross Margin is an excellent yard stick of business and its mirrors the effectiveness of the management team. Gross Margin is the difference between the selling price and cost of the of the product (before fixed expenses). The brute message is keep pusing up the selling price while keeping your direct raw material and direct fixed costs (selling & manufacturing costs) at the lowest possible. If gross margins drop then alarm bells should start ringing and action should be immediately initiated either to correct selling price or reduce direct fixed costs. Failure to act with determination and speed will lead to erosion of profits and in the long run losses. Sales people will resist increase in selling prices and purchase people will resist brining down prices from vendors as it means lot of extra work for them, but we accountants being the watchdog of groos margins should keep on shouting from the roof top to both sales & purchase so that gross margins do not slip away to dangerous levels. Usually in most of the manufacturing companies gross margins are sacrificed when considering higher sales at lower costs this will have a ripple effect when there is a bad patch in sales like in the period from 3rd Quarter of 2008 to till date in 2009. Now sales have dropped significantly and if gross margin is also low nothing can be done about it at the moment and there will be a double effect of lower sales and lower gross margin meaning thereby lower profits and higher related problems - including problems in cashflow.

I would equate gross margin to the way ants save for their winter. Let us keep gross margin levels even in goods years and do not sacrifice the same for sake of sales. Gross margin is within our control, whereas sales may not be within our control as there are many external factors.

TamilNadu VAT G.O Ms.No.35 dt.30.03.2009

As per the GO issued by the TN Government - VAT if paid through electronic mode there are extra 2 days for filing of monthly returns.